Siwes report free essay sample

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement for the Award of Bachelor of Science Degree (B. sc) In Electronics and Computer Technology 4 TABLE OF CONTENT Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter One 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Aims and Objectives of the SIWES Program Chapter Two 2. 0 Address, History and Services of Inspiragh Technologies 2. 1 ORGANOGRAM of Inspiragh Technologies Chapter Three 3. 0 The work area Covered 3. 1 Hyper Text Mark-Up Language (HTML) 3. 2 Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) 3. 3 Adobe Dreamweaver 3. 4 Adobe fireworks 3. 5 swish Max 3. 6 PHP 3. 7 MySql 3. 8 Computer (Hardware/Software) Installation Maintainace 3. 9 Coupling, installation and repair of other IT and Electronics equipments 3. 1. 0 Closed Circuit television (CCTV) 3. 1. 1 Digital Satellite Television 3. 1. 2 Anti-Virus Chapter Four 4. 0 Skills Acquired at Inspiragh Technologies Chapter Five 5. 0 Problems Encountered Chapter Six 6. 0 Recommendations Chapter Seven 7. 0 Conclusion 5 6 DEDICATION From the depth of my heart, I dedicate this report to The Lord Almighty, The father of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ whose mercies remain infinite and to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Umeh, Godwin Chidi. We will write a custom essay sample on Siwes report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For their love, support and care throughout the period of my industrial training. 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT May all glory, honour and adoration be unto The Lord Almighty, The father of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ whose mercies remained infinite during my industrial training period. My most sincere gratitude goes also, to the coordinator of Electronics and Computer Technology (ECT) unit, department of Physics, University of Calabar, Prof. A. I. Menkiti for being not just a lecturer but more than a father. I wish to say a big thank you to Mr. Godwin Chimeziri (The manager of Inspiragh Technologies) who also was my supervisor during my training, and the entire staff of Inspiragh Technologies. Finally, To all my sibblings and friends (Stevebryan Ofem, Richard Ekanen, Pastor K. C Ojukwu, Adaeze Anyaegbunam, Imaobong Udofia, Uju Umeh, Daniel Umeh, Barr. Solowise Ezike ) It’s indeed a very long list but just know that you have affected my life in a very special way and for that, you are always and forever appreciated. The staff and students of Physics department, University of Calabar for having always been there for me, You are the best. 8 ABSTRACT In respect to the federal government’s policy, that all part IV (400 level) undergraduates of Electronic and Computer Technology unit of Physics department in the University of Calabar must proceed on industrial training under the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) scheme which is aimed at exposing the students to practical challenges ahead of them in the labour market upon graduation. I have benefited immensely from this program and this technical report covers the months of my attachment with Inspiragh Technologies, Nnewi. It covers the day to day activities during my stay at Inspiragh Technologies. This report therefore highlights the training process and the experiences acquired in the various areas of Information Technology and other electronic devices. The challenges encountered during the program with solutions which I think if implemented will improve the industrial training scheme is also included in this report. 9 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Training is a key factor in enhancing the efficiency and expertise of the workforce. The Students Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) scheme prepares students for the labor markets. It has become an innovative phenomenon in human resources development and training in Nigeria since it’s establishment in the year 1971 and has since been operated within the content of the law that established it (Dec 47 of 1971). ECT is obviously a skill-oriented program and to acquire adequate skills, training must occur in the appropriate environment. Practical knowledge relates to doing. According to Ochiagha practical knowledge is learning without which mastery of an area of knowledge may be too difficult to achieve. Practical knowledge involves developing skills through the use of tools or equipment to perform tasks that are related to a field of study. No society can achieve meaningful progress without encouraging its youth to acquire necessary practical skills. Such skills enable them to harness available resources to meet the needs of the society. It was against this background that SIWES, otherwise referred to as Industrial Training (IT), was introduced in Nigerian tertiary institutions. SIWES is a skill development program designed to prepare students of universities, polytechnics/monotechnics, and colleges of education for transition from the college environment to work. Oyedele stated that work experience is an educational program in which students participate in work activities while attending school. This work experience program gives students the opportunity to be part of an actual work situation outside the classroom. SIWES is a cooperative industrial internship program that involves institutions of higher learning, industries, the federal government of Nigeria, Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC) and NBTE/NCCE in Nigeria. Students that participate in this work experience program include those studying engineering, vocational, technological, and related courses in institutions of higher learning. SIWES forms part of the approved minimum academic standards in these institutions. SIWES is a core academic requirement. This requirement must be met by all students in Electronics and Computer Technology(ECT) before graduation. The training program is undertaken in the fourth year of a five-year degree program. Additionally, the scheme exposes the students to work methods, gives the student the basic skills needed to unveil the theoretical knowledge acquired in classrooms and transform it into practical experience in handling of equipments, components and machine which may not be available in the University. 1. 1 Aims and objectives of the scheme According to Eze, government did recognized the importance of SIWES through the establishment of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF). The ITF was established in 1971 and was charged with human resources development and training. Following the establishment of ITF, SIWES commenced in 1974 with the aim of making education more relevant and to bridge the yawning gap between the theory 10 and practice of engineering, technology, and science? related disciplines in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The specific objectives of SIWES were summarized by the federal government in its Gazette of April, 1978 as follows: * To provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and experiences in their course of study * To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work and actual practice. * To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and to enhance students contacts for later job placement. It is obvious that the reasons that led to the establishment of the program some decades ago are today even more relevant due to rapid technological development, especially as it concerns Electronics and Computer Technology. 11 CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Address, History and Services of Inspiragh Technologies Inspiragh Technologies is a leading Information Technology firm situated in the heart of Nnewi (55 Owerri Road), Anambra State Nigeria and managed by experienced professionals. Since inception in 2008, it has always kept it’s promise of â€Å"inspired and better solutions†. The company’s core area of expertise is web-site design/Development, Web application development, Web-Site management and maintenance, Search Engine Optimisation, Bulk SMS, Importation, sales and repair of computer/computer related accessories, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Digital satallite Television Installation and Maintainance. My stay in the company was both interesting and educating because i experienced the use of the most current and up-to-date tools and technologies to develop solutions that meet both industrial and world class standard. The fact that the firm is still small but rapidly developing gave me the most anticipated one-on-one rapport with my instructors and supervisors. 2. 1 ORGANOGRAM of Inspiragh Technologies 1. Mr. Chimeziri Godwin Chairman/CEO 2. Mr. Joshua Ughasoro Managing Director 3. Mrs. Umeh Chinyere Director 4. Mr. Donald Nnadilim Logistics 5. Miss. Obianuju Francess Receptionist 6. Miss. Ella Cherechukwu Accountant 7. Mr. Donatus Ikeh Technician/Electrician 8. Mr. Pius Ibanga Driver 9. Miss. Ukandu Ogechi Cafe Attendant 10. Miss. Amara Ugwu Cafe Attendant 11. Mr. Joseph Nwudu Designer/Developer 12. Mr. Ayo Adeyemi Designer/Developer 13. Mr. Emeka Ifechukwu Hardware Engineer 12 CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 Work Area Covered While at Inspiragh, I came in contact with lots of software applications as well as languages which were used on daily basis to make their job easy. All my questions about how web-sites actually work, How one can design a web-site on a computer without the internet was all answered both theoritically and practically. These applications include †¢ HTML †¢ CSS †¢ Adobe Dreamweaver †¢ Adobe Fireworks †¢ SwishMax †¢ PHP †¢ MySql †¢ Computer (Hardware/Software) Installation Maintainace †¢ Coupling, installation and repair of other IT and Electronics equipments †¢ Closed Circuit TeleVision (CCTV) †¢ Digital satellite Television †¢ Anti-virus I am going to deal with my interaction with the above mentioned applications below. 3. 1 Hyper Text Mark-Up Language (HTML) HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the language used to create web documents. It defines the syntax and placement of special instructions (tags) that aren’t displayed, but tell the browser how to display the document’s contents. It is also used to create links to other documents, either locally or over a network such as the Internet. HTML has not been around for many years. November 1990 marks the day of the first web page and back then there were little or no HTML standards to be followed. A group called the World Wide Web Consortium (w3c) was then formed and have since set the standards that are widely accepted. An HTML document contains text (the contents of the page) with embedded tags, which provide instructions for the structure, appearance, and function of the contents. An HTML document is divided into two major portions: the head and the body. The head contains information about the document, such as its title and â€Å"meta† information describing the contents. The body contains the actual contents of the document (the part that is displayed in the browser window). Notepad is the most basic of simple-text editors. The following example shows the tags that make up the standard skeletal structure of an HTML document: 13 Document Title Contents of Document Common words in HTML: †¢ Tag Used to specify (mark-up) regions of HTML documents for the web browser to interpret. Tags look like this: †¢ Element A complete tag, having an opening and a closing . †¢ Attribute Used to modify the value of the HTML element. Elements will often have multiple attributes. 3. 2 cascading Style Sheet They are a way to control the look and feel of your HTML documents in an organized and efficient manner. With CSS you will be able to: †¢ Add new looks to your old HTML †¢ Completely restyle a web site with only a few changes to your CSS code †¢ Use the style you create on any webpage you wish! A stylesheet can, and should be, completely separate from your HTML documents. CSS selectors are the heart and soul of CSS. They define which HTML elements you are going to be manipulating with CSS code In a typical CSS statement you have the following: †¢ SELECTOR { PROPERTY: VALUE } Property is the CSS element you wish to manipulate and VALUE represents the value of the specified property. The selector name creates a direct relationship with the HTML tag you want to edit. If you wanted to change the way a paragraph tag behaved, the CSS code would look like: †¢ p { PROPERTY: VALUE } 3. 3 ADOBE DREAMWEAVER Originally owned by Micromedia corporation and known as Micromedia Dreamweaver but now owned by Adobe, Dreamweaver is a great tool to help build websites. It is a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) HTML editor that helps you to create html pages visually (without knowing HTML coding). Defining a new site is the first step to creating a website in Dreamweaver CS3. 1. Create a folder in which you will store all your project files. Create an images folder within and transfer all the sliced images to this folder. 2. Open Dreamweaver 3. Define a new site [Site New Site Advanced tab] 4. Fill in your Site Name in the box provided for Site Name. 5. Use the yellow folder icon next to the Local Root Folder box to browse for the project folder you had created. 6. You should be able to see the images folder in your Files panel [Site Files]. Templates If most of the pages in your web site have the same look and feel it is advisable to create a Dreamweaver template. The advantages of creating a dreamweaver template include: †¢ All pages will look consistent †¢ When you want to make changes that effect the layout of the entire site you can simply make the changes to the template and update all the pages automatically 14 The dreamweaver template file has a . dwt extension and will get saved in a folder entitled â€Å"Templates†. To create a dreamweaver template follow these steps: 1. File New 2. Page Type HTML template 3. Layout – select from one of the pre-built layout options and customize it or select and create your own from scratch Css Style Sheets CSS Styles help in consistency and maintenance. It is a good idea to centralize the text styles as much as possible in order to maintain consistency and easy updating. Some of the styles you can centralize in an external css stylesheet include: †¢ H1 tag redefined †¢ H2 tag redefined †¢ p tag redefined †¢ a tag redefined (specifies the look of link) †¢ menu styles †¢ footer text styles To create an external stylesheet follow these steps: 1. File New 2. Page Type CSS 3. Save the file in the website folder. You can name it styles or any appropriate title. It will get saved as a . css file. 15 Once you have created the css file you will need to attach it to the dreamweaver template file. You can do this from the CSS Styles panel [Window CSS Styles]. Click the icon (attach style sheet), select the css file and click OK. You can create new css rules by clicking on the New CSS Rule icon. 16 In the dialog box that appears, If you want to create a custom style which can be applied to any tag: 1. Select the selector type class 2. Name it with a . at the beginning like . heading 3. Define in: styles. css (or the name of your css file) If you want to redefine the look of an existing html tag:: 1. Select the selector type Tag 2. Select the Tag from the drop down menu e. g. h1 3. Define in: styles. css (or the name of your css file) 17 In the dialog box that appears, specify the properties of the style and click ok. Inserting Text Images Once your template layout (with tables or div tags) and css stylesheet is created, you can insert any images (e. g. logo), common menu items, text (e. g. copyright info) etc. that form part of the general look and feel of the site into the template. Inserting Text You can type in text just as you would in any text editing software. You can apply styles to it from the Properties panel. 18 You can also format it with the existing html tags (which you would have redefined in the css file). Inserting Images You can insert images [Insert Image]. You can also position them : 1. Click on the image. 2. Open the Properties Inspector. Select the required alignment from the align drop down menu. You could also set the alignment of the cell/ div tag in which the image will be placed. Server Side Includes (SSI)/ Libraries Server Side Includes (SSI) and Libraries in Dreamweaver help you to centralize areas of your site that are common to many pages. This helps you to easily make site-wide changes to these common areas and thus helps in maintenance and consistency. When you design a website it is better to design it for easy maintenance. As you add pages your menus will change to incorporate that. You might want to change the mast, footer etc. Server Side Includes The advantage with server side includes (SSI) is that when you make a change to an include you dont have to update all the pages that access it. The changes will automatically get reflected in 19 them. You will not have to upload all the pages that use the include every time you make a change, just the include itself. Note: All the html page you create and apply this template to must have the extension . shtml or . shtm. It is useful to create include files for: †¢ header †¢ footer †¢ menus †¢ sub menus To create an include: 1. Copy the part of the page that you would like to make into an include. 2. Create a new html page [File New Blank Page HTML none] 3. Go into the HTML code [View Code] and delete all the default code that Dreamweaver puts in. 4. Go back to design view [View Design ] and paste the code that you had copied previously. 5. Make sure all links in the include file are relative to site root. 6. Finally save this file in an Includes folder. To insert an include into the template: 1. Click where you would like to insert the include 2. Insert Server Side Include. Dreamweaver Library Items If you do not wish to create files with the shtml extension or your server does not support it you can use Dreamweaver Library items for common areas that might be different in different sections e. g. sub menus. However changes to library items will update the files in which they exist and these files will need to be uploaded again. To create a library item: 1. Copy the portion of the template you wish to convert to a library item 2. File New Blank Page Library Item 3. Paste 4. Save with appropriate name Once created, you will need to insert the library item into the template (or later on into a web page). To do so: 1. Window Assets 2. Click the library icon in the Assets Panel 3. Select the appropriate library name 20 4. Click the Insert button at the bottom of the panel Specify Template Editable Regions Dreamweaver templates allow you to specify editable regions. These will be the areas of the template where you will insert content that will differ from page to page. To do this: 1. Put the cursor in the region that you wish to make editable 2. Insert Template Objects Editable Region 3. Give the editable region a name e. g. content. 4. The editable region will appear on the template with a colored outline and the specified name. If you have a library item (e. g. submenu) or banner etc. which will appear in most of the pages but will change in some you can keep the library item in the template, select it and create an editable region around it. So in a new page created with this template the library item will appear by default, however it can be replaced with another one where necessary. 21 Create HTML Pages, Insert Content Forms Once you have your template, css stylesheet and server site includes/ library items ready, you can begin creating the actual pages. To create the HTML/ SHTML pages: 1. File New Page from Template Project Name Template Name Create] 2. Name and save the file into the project folder. Name the homepage index. shtml if using SSI and if your remote hosting server is a UNIX server. If it is a NT server most likely the homepage will need to be named default. shtml. If you are not using SSI, leave the file extensions as . htm. 3. Change the HTML page title to something more appropriate [ Modify Page Properties Title/ Encoding Title] 4. Put in appropriate meta data for the page i. e. keywords and description of the page o Insert HTML Head Tags Keywords o Insert HTML Head Tags Description 5. Type or paste the Heading and content of the page into the appropriate edible region. Apply the styled formatting (e. g. H1 tag or custom style) from the Properties Panel 6. Insert any images/ flash assets etc. into the editable region and and align them o Insert Image o Insert Media Flash 7. Replace any library items/ SSI e. g. sub menus 8. Similarly create all the other HTML/ SHTML pages you need. Forms in Dreamweaver Some pages might require form elements such as the contact us form: Insert Form select the form element of choice. A form must be within a form tag so select Form first, then insert the other form fields like Text field etc. within the form tag that appears. 22 To make a form work you will need a php, asp or cgi script. Linking Pages Once you have created all the pages of your site it is time to link them up using Dreamweaver. You may link them from the menus and from appropriate textual or image content on other pages. To create a link: 1. Select the text/ image you want to link from 2. Click on the yellow folder icon next to the Link field on the Properties panel. 3. In the dialog box that opens, browse for the web page you want to link to and select it. 4. If you are linking to a page from a Server Side Include, ensure that the link is relative to site. 5. Click OK and your link is ready. If you have added links into the Dreamweaver Template or Library item, Dreamweaver will ask you if you want to update all the pages. Preview in Browser File Upload/ FTP Once the site is complete in Dreamweaver you are ready to upload/ FTP the files to your server and go live. Before that however, you should preview the site in various browsers (at least FireFox and Internet Explorer) to make sure it is working all right. Preview in Browser 1. File Preview in Browser select the browser of choice 2. View each page 3. Click on all the links Note: If you use Site Relative paths (as you must in server side includes), the Preview in Browser feature will not work. You will need to test on a web server locally or upload to your remote hosting server and test. Other tools that Dreamweaver provides : †¢ Site Check Links Sitewide †¢ Text Check Spelling Going Live After you have developed and tested your site it is ready to go live. You will need to sign up with a hosting server eg: www. smartwebng. com. Once you sign up with a hosting server you they will provide you with your server details: 23 1. IP address or www. yoursitename. com 2. username 3. password You can use Dreamweaver or any FTP software e. g. Filezilla to upload your files to the remote hosting server. File Upload/ FTP in Dreamweaver To enter your hosting details into Dreamweaver: 1. Fill in these details in the Remote Info Panel of the Site Definition [Files Panel Last in the site name drop down Manage Sites Select the Site Click Edit In the Advanced Tab Click the category Remote Info 2. Access = FTP (from drop down menu) 3. FTP host = enter your site url e. g. www. yoursitename. com 4. Enter your login and password 5. Click Test to check the connection To upload your files into the remote hosting Server: 1. Click the Expand to show local and remote sites icon in the Files Panel 2. In the expanded files panel click the connects to remote host icon. 3. Once you connect you should see the remote folder and files on the left window. 4. To upload your files click the Put Files Arrow icon in the site manager. 24 5. After uploading all the files test the site online using your site url e. g. www. yoursitename. com. 3. 4 ADOBE FIREWORKS Formally Micromedia Fireworks, now Adobe Fireworks. It is the basic application for web based graphics. To begin 1. Open Fireworks and create a new document [File New]. 2. In the dialog box enter the width and height of the layout. I usually design for a width of 780 pixels width. This works well in monitors with 800 x1024 resolution as it leaves 20 pixels for the browser scroll bar. The resolution for the web is 72. You can also choose a background color if your webpage will have a background color. 3. Click OK. 4. Name and Save the document [File Save]. Fireworks files have the extension . png. You can name it layout. png. Insert Images and Text Insert any images that you plan to use [File Import] †¢ Browse for the image file †¢ Select the file †¢ Click the Open button †¢ The cursor will change †¢ Click where you want to place the image on the canvas †¢ The image will be placed there You have many tools to clean up and enhance the image within Fireworks. 25 You can use auto levels to bring out the best in photos [select photo Filter Adjust Color Auto Levels ]. You can also try out the other filters. Fireworks Filters You can undo if youre not happy with it. By default you can undo upto 20 actions in Fireworks. You can increase the number of times you can undo by setting it in {Edit Preferences General Tab Undo Steps]. You can make chages to the images remove backgrounds, resize etc. You can also create vector shapes. Take some time to explore the options provided in the tools palette [Window Tools]. Fireworks Tools Pallette Insert Text 26 Use the text tool to insert text like a sample heading, sample textual content, menu items, byline, sample links, footer ? copyright info etc. Style the text by using the options in the Properties Palette. You can specify the color, font, size etc. You can also add filters, alignments, spacing, leading etc. Creating the Website Layout Once you have put in all the images and text you can rearrange it to create a layout that will be attractive and easy to use. Ensure that the layout has the basic layout elements like logo, byline, navigation, copyright, content area, heading and sub heading styles and link styles. Ensure your layout is something you can recreate in HTML and can be optimized to load fast. Fonts for content should be one of the common fonts that are available on all computers. Arial or Verdana are usually easy to read on the computer. Logo fonts , button fonts and some title can use special fonts and effects but you will need to export all these as images and any change will have to be made within Fireworks and the images exported again. This is therefore more difficult to maintain, so use image text only when absolutely necessary. Icons Design any icons that you will use in your website. HTML Elements You can take a screen shot of other webpages with form fields etc. [Prt Scr key on your computer keyboard] and paste it into your layout to get an idea of how it will look in your layout. Images Resize your images and shape them to work with the rest of the elements of the layout. Flash You can plan in space for any flash animation that you will be using, within your layout. The layers panel is useful when there are many objects and you want to get to something behind. You can click on the eye icon to to hide a particular layer. You can move a layer over another to bring it in front. 27 Layers Panel Once you are satisfied with the layout it is time to slice and export the images that you will be using in the html page. Sample Layout Slice and Export the Images Once you are satisfied with the layout, deside which parts can be recreated within HTML and which parts will need to be exported as slices. Text can usually be recreated in HTML except when it is using some special font that is not commonly available on all computers. 28 Use the slice tool to draw out areas that will be exported as slice. Each slice will appear in the web layer of your layers panel. Give each slice a name which will be the file name of the exported image. If a full image needs to be converted to a slice you can also just select it, right click and select insert rectangular slice. This can be done for mutiple objects too. The slices will apear as green objects on the page. Each slice needs to be optimized to look good and yet have a low file size so that it loads quickly on the web page. This can be done from the Optimize Panel [Windows Optimize]. Optimize Panel Select each slice and optimize it in the Optimize Panel. Image with flat colors are usually better optimized as . gif files while images with many colors like photos are usually better optimized as . jpg files. You can compare the quality and file size of different options by clicking on the Preview, 2-up or 4-up options at the top. Once you have optimized all the slices you can export them into a images folder. 29 30 †¢ Right click each slice and export Export Select Slice †¢ File Export Export: Images Only Slices: Export Slices 3. 5 Swishmax SWiSH Max is a flash creation tool that is commonly used to create interactive and cross-platform movies, animations, and presentations. It is developed and distributed by Swishzone. com Pty Ltd, based in Sydney, Australia. SWiSH Max primarily outputs to the . swf format, which is currently under control of Adobe Systems. SWiSH Max is generally considered to be a simpler and less costly Flash creation tool in comparison with Adobe Flash. SWiSH Max does not support some Adobe Flash features such as ActionScript 3. 0, shape tweens, and bitmap drawing capabilities. It does, however, include general Flash creation features such as vector drawing, motion tweens, and symbol editing. In addition, SWiSH Max incorporates a number of automated effects and transitions, which make building certain Flash elements such as buttons, advanced transition effects, and interactive Flash sites simpler. One drawback of SWiSH Max is its inability to open or save . fla files, which limits exchanges between other programs to final . swf files. The scripting used in SWiSH Max is a variation of ActionScript, commonly known as SWiSH script. SWiSH script contains most ActionScript 2. 0 functionality, including support for ActionScript 2. 0 classes in SWiSH Max 3. SWiSH Max was designed for the Windows operating system and can run on a PC with a Pentium III 300 MHz processor, 64MB RAM, and a monitor capable of 1024768 screen resolution and 16-bit color display. 3. 6 PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly. But simply put, PHP is a powerful, behind the scenes scripting language that your visitors wont see! When someone visits your PHP webpage, your web server processes the PHP code. It then sees which parts it needs to show to visitors(content and pictures) and hides the other stuff(file operations, math calculations, etc. ) then translates your PHP into HTML. After the translation into HTML, it sends the webpage to your visitors web browser. It’s advantages is that PHP will allow you to: †¢ Reduce the time to create large websites. †¢ Create a customized user experience for visitors based on information that you have gathered from them. †¢ Open up thousands of possibilities for online tools. †¢ Allow creation of shopping carts for e-commerce websites. 3. 7 MySQL MySQL is currently the most popular open sourceand relational database server in existence. On top of that, it is very commonly used in conjunction with PHP scripts to create powerful and dynamic server-side applications. 31 MySQL has been criticized in the past for not supporting all the features of other popular and more expensive DataBase Management Systems. However, MySQL continues to improve with each release (currently version 5), and it has become widely popular with individuals and businesses of many different sizes. In a relational structured database there are tables that store data. The columns define which kinds of information will be stored in the table. An individual column must be created for each type of data you wish to store (i. e. Age, Weight, Height). On the other hand, a row contains the actual values for these specified columns. Each row will have 1 value for each and every column. For example a table with columns (Name, Age, Weight-lbs) could have a row with the values (Bob, 65, 165). If all this relational database talk is too co

FERRARI Surname Meaning and Family History

FERRARI Surname Meaning and Family History Ferrari is patronymic or plural form of the last name Ferraro, an occupational surname from the Italian word  ferraro, meaning blacksmith - originally derived from the Latin  ferrum  meaning iron. Ferrari is basically the Italian equivalent of the English surname SMITH. Ferrari is the third most common surname in Italy. Alternate Surname Spellings:  FERARI, FERARRI, FERRERO, FIERRO, FARRAR, FERRARA, FARRAH, PHARRO Surname Origin:  Italian Famous People With the FERRARI  Surname Enzo Ferrari  -  Italian race car designerErmanno W. Ferrari  - Italian music composerGaudenzio Ferrari -  16th-century Italian artistVirginio Ferrari - Italian sculptor Where Is the FERRARI Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, Ferrari is the 1,667th most common surname in the world- found most prevalently in Brazil, but most common in Italy, especially the northern regions. The Ferrari surname is also fairly common in Monaco (ranked 30th in the country), Uruguay (61st) and Argentina (82nd). Surname maps from WorldNames PublicProfiler demonstrate the popularity of the Ferrari surname in northern Italy, especially the regions of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Liguria and Trentino-Alto Adige. The Ferrari name is also fairly common in the region of Tessin, Switzerland. Genealogy Resources for the Surname FERRARI Meanings of Common Italian SurnamesUncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames. Ferreira DNA Surname ProjectThis DNA project is connecting individuals with the Ferreira surname and variants such as  Ferrara, Ferrari, Ferraro, Ferrera, Ferreri, Ferrero and Forero, who are interested in using both Y-DNA and mtDNA testing to help discover common Ferreira ancestors. Ferrari  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Ferrari  family crest or coat of arms for the Ferrari surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Ferrari Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Ferrari ancestors around the world. Search or browse the archives for your Ferrari ancestors, or join the group and post your own Ferrari family query. FamilySearch - FERRARI GenealogyExplore over 4.2 million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Ferrari surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - FERRARI  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Ferrari. GeneaNet - Ferrari  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Ferrari  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Ferrari  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Ferrari surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.ï » ¿Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Building research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Building - Research Paper Example Some books of Latin America are as old as 1751 and some manuscripts and newspaper of the 18th century. In the central tower, the library can hold up to 180,000 volumes of books and in the underground around 600,000 volumes making their collection about 1 million volumes and other manuscripts that may also total in millions (Parks). The building consists of marble, granite, bronze and glasswork. Its structure was designed at 200’-0’’ and 350’-0’’ site plan. The building  has  total square footage of  88,347. The  buildings roof serves as a landmark for visitors and people on the campus of Yale. It is a six-story tower, which is enclosed by glass top, containing book stacks encircled by windowless shell held by four piers at the curve of the building. The outer walls are made of Lucida marble panel, which protects direct sunlight from coming in, yet promoted subdued light entrance. The marble walls are thinly sliced that makes sunlight enter the library softly making the view beautiful and unique (â€Å"Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library†). The dimensions have appropriate mathematical proportions, 1:2:3, which make the architectural design platonic. The building is commonly  known  as the â€Å"jewel box† because of its unique feature that there is a stark light emerging after sun is set. It is also known as the â€Å"laboratory of humanities.† The presence of Alexander Calder’s â€Å"Gallows and Lollipops† across the plaza serves as a delightful sight for the visitor (â€Å"Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library†). Visitors enter into the building using a revolving glass door, and there are two stairways to the mezzanine level that displays Beinecke’s collection. There is a public exhibition house, which displays 48 extant copies of Gutenberg Bible. There are two basement doors, first which goes down to the â€Å"Court† level, at the heart in front of Beinecke â€Å"The Garden"  that features sculptures of Isamu Noguchi (Pyramid Sun and Cube).

Phase 1 - Concepts and terminology of statistics applied to business Essay

Phase 1 - Concepts and terminology of statistics applied to business decision-making 4-13 - Essay Example For this, it is necessary to collect both nominal and ordinal data. â€Å"Nominal data are categorical data where the order of the categories is arbitrary. A good example is race/ethnicity has values 1=White, 2=Hispanic, 3=American Indian, 4=Black, 5=other. Note that the order of the categories is arbitrary.† (Stats Definitions-Nominal data). Certain statistical concepts are meaningless for nominal data. â€Å"The data related to gender, race, religious affiliation, political affiliation etc; are the examples for Nominal data. In a more general form the data assigned with labels or names are considered as the data in Nominal scale.† (Peddinti, Sairam. 2006). In the nominal type of measurement, names are assigned to objects as labels. This assignment is performed by evaluating, by some procedure, the similarity of the labels are to be measured instance to each of a set of named exemplars or category definitions.In ordinal measurement, numbers are assigned to the objects that represents the rank order to measure the entity. These numbers are called ordinals and the variables are called ordinal variables.. Scales and indexes have to be validated. Internal validation checks the relation between the individual measures included in the scale, and the composite scale itself. External validation checks the relation between the composite scale and other indicators of the variable, indicators not included in the scale.Scientists can taken in to consideration the two quantitative attributes in relation to snack food are-to give stress on customers’ desires, taste, needs and wants and by observing and recording the stated goals or objectives of the responsible implementing agency or organisation or its curresponding consumers. Usage of widely different frequencies are most common in this regard. The population is the entire group of individuals that we want information about and the sample is the part of

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research - Assignment Example The main problem, which was the reason of the study, was that of lack of such factual evidence through past studies on the facts of the health conditions within a society. The main aim that the study had was estimating the health burden that Germany as a country bore caused by the morbidity as well as mortality associated with obesity and related complications as seen from the perspective of the society. Besides, the study focused on estimating the deaths that occurred within Germany in 2002 being related to obesity as well as the overweight related complications. Moreover, the study was to establish the costs incurred in the country from such deaths that would result and this would be gotten from inpatient records, out patient records. Rehabilitation as well as non-medical costs were also on the check as direct costs while indirect costs were evaluated from sick offs, and early retirement costs among others. The research study format fails to cite distinctly the questions guiding the study as well as the hypothesis under which the study was conducted. This therefore leaves the reader with the liberty of evaluating the study report with presumed line of argument as not guided by clear-cut hypothesis and or questions. The data that was collected from the office of statistics in Germany (German Federal Statistics) and therefore survey method was used as the most appropriate tool for collecting data (Konnopka, Bo ¨demann & Ko ¨nig, 2011). The use of the survey to collect the data from the secondary sources was effective as the study was to use primary data for the year 2002 where collecting the data through other tools would not be possible. Besides, the adoption of the tool was necessitated by the nature of the research as being quantitative and hence factual empirical data for the analysis was necessary. The analysis of the data involved

Nurse Staffing: Job Satisfaction and Retention

Nurse Staffing: Job Satisfaction and Retention Elizabeth Campins Overview of Quantitative Article The study conducted by (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014), entitled Nurse Staffing and the Relationship to Job Satisfaction and retention, will be the object of the article analysis for this assignment. We are going to evaluate the research question of the study, the study design, representativeness, and the result of the data analysis including strengths and weakness of the study. Research Question The problem that has been addressed in the study is if the nurse-patient ratios affect job satisfaction and retention. The research questions for this article are the following: Has the number of patients assigned to the nurse resulted in job satisfaction? Has the actual economic situation influenced nurse decision to stay in the current position? (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014) The above research questions contain variables referred as predictors that can be measure. Those predictors are the staffing size of registered nurses, and number of the patients assigned to nurses. For the second research question the predictor is the actual economic situation which includes the numbers of layoffs and/or hiring, and costs-services reduction. The outcome of this study is nurse retention and job satisfaction. One we have the problem clear, the population of interest identifies, the interventions considered feasible, and the standard and future comparison established we are in the path to find the best evidence (Adams, 2012, p. 73). Study Design Nurse Staffing and the Relationship to Job Satisfaction and retention by (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014) is a quantitative design study. It is valuable for explaining relationship, nursing measurement and quantification that conduct to conclusive results (Peters, 2012, p. 161). The specific design of this study is non-experimental. It describes the relationship between nurse staffing, job satisfaction, and nurse retention in an acute care environment. More specifically this article is a correlational design study because establish relationship among variables or better to say among predictors and outcomes (Peters, 2012, p. 176). The type of predictive correlational designs for this study is model-testing. For this model type it is probable that researchers hypothesize which variables can conduct to better outcomes. Sample Size and Representativeness The type of sample for this study is a non-probability sampling method. It is used when the sampling frame cannot be calculated. As a result, the threat of selection bias is increased and is less representative of the selected population (White, 2012, p.257). Among non-probability sampling, this article is a convenience or consecutive type where the participants are recruited as they become available (White, 2012, p.257). There were seventy subjects selected as they become available. The majority were female with ages between thirty three and forty five years old. In addition, data collection last over thirty days. The strategy for choosing the subjects were stablished before the selection. It requires RN licensed, with six months experience at bedside in an acute care institution. The level of education at the time of the collection, age, gender, was also required. In addition was asked if the subjects were employed in a Magnet hospital. Results of data analysis Procedures Quantitative method takes in consideration data analysis after the data collection is finished. The study used statistical analysis. The tool was IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 20. For demographic and subscale variable was used descriptive statistics to determine if the predictive variable, that we mention at the beginning of the paper were related to the outcome nurse retention and job satisfaction. The following survey tools NWI-R (Nursing Work Index Revision) and COP (control over practice) subscales, which was taken from the NWI-R, were used to measure job satisfaction. A weak positive relationship between control over practice and nursing staff indicates that there is a relationship between workload and job satisfaction. One more retention variable was analyzed with frequency and percentage to get results about the actual economic situation affecting the decision to keep the current position. A moderately strong negative correlation shows that a nurse will consider leaving their actual position if the dissatisfaction increases. It Level (p) means a statistical parameter of the analysis. It was set at alpha equal to 0.05. The theme identified was nurse-patient high ratios work-load. It concluded that incrementing responsibilities during the shift put at risk satisfactory patient care, and raise nursing dissatisfaction and turnover. A common strategy mentioned for the participants to retain them in bedside nursing care was improving nursing-ratios. This strategy will decrease the cost of hiring and training new staff nurses, and it will retain experienced nurses. Improving the nurse to patient ratio is highly valuable to increase job satisfaction and retention. Summary of the Strengths and weakness The study major strengths were in data collection. The method of collection corresponds directly with the research question. It contains a variety of age groups and level of experience of the participants. An additional strength of the study is the use of control over practice subscale (COP) as an important survey mechanism to measure job determine the levels of job satisfaction and its impact on the nurse environment (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014). The main weakness in the study was a sample size with only seventy participants as they become available during a thirty days period. For this reason is complicated to determine the generalizability of this research to the larger population (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014). The study demonstrates that exist relationship between predictors and outcomes. This relationship does not show relevant threats in bias, history, maturation, testing or instrumentation. We are confident that the study has a relevant internal validity. On the other hand, it is not possible to conclude that the study can be generalized to other subjects or settings because of the limitations of the sample size (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014). This study is not generalized to larger population, as a result, has a weak external validity. Summary of the Major Points of the Paper From Nurse Staffing and the Relationship to Job Satisfaction and retention by (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014) we considered two important research questions for a quantitative study. It was reviewed the sample size and its representativeness of the population. After analyzing the data and procedures results we summarize the strengths and weakness of this study supporting our conclusion with (Peters, 2012, p. 150). Overview of a Qualitative Article The study conducted by (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014), entitled Transforming care at the Bedside: Managers’ and Health Care Providers’ Perception of their Change Capabilities will be the focus of the article analysis for this assignment. We are going to evaluate the research question of the study, the study design, representativeness, and the result of the data analysis including strengths and weakness of the study. Research Question The problem that has been addressed in this study is the perceptions of managers and others healthcare providers about their change capabilities. The research questions are the following: Are the new strategies, that nurses are implementing, working to create better results in a way that make communication and teamwork easier and more efficient? Does the new project reduce wasteful work? (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014). In the above research questions the research has interest in specific information from the person point of view and their inside about the subject studied (Mauk, 2012, p. 189). Participants that are knowledgeable on the researching theme are called key informants for the purpose of qualitative research. Study Design Transforming care at the Bedside: Managers’ and Health Care Providers’ Perception of their Change Capabilities by (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014), is a qualitative design study. Among of the four types of qualitative research, our study is categorized as grounded theory where the main review of literature is examined when the research has being completed to compare the theory with other reviews, and create theories for other processes (Mauk, 2012, p. 199). There is not set of sample size at the beginning of the data collection. The researcher gets data until they are saturated with the information needed (Mauk, 2012, p. 200). The strategy used in our study is focus groups. The study involved three focus groups: pediatric medicine unit, an adult acute respiratory care unit, and an adult neurologic unit. Also was considered three individual interviews. The study was conducted for nine months (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014). Sample Size and Representativeness As stated before, sample size in grounded theory is known at the end of the collection data. It relied on focus groups where the key informants where selected from managers and healthcare providers included in the transforming care at the bedside (TCAB) teams. It also includes recruited patient’s representation from the hospital’s committees whose members had been patients or had family members who were patient. The sample included sixteen women and three men for a total of nineteen participants. The demographic information (gender, age, education, job title) was collected to allow for an external assessment of the generalizability of the findings to a different setting (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 518). Results of data analysis Procedures Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed using NVivo data analysis. This procedure facilitates a rigorous analysis of unstructured data (Miles, Huberman, Saldaà ±a, 2013). Data analysis was examined in three ways: Condensing the data or coding the transcripts, presenting the data for discussion with the research team, and verifying the data with an audit trail to keep a record of the data collection details throughout the study. Two outside researchers coded the transcripts to reduce the chances of biased interpretation. Some of the themes identified were: Learning skills, sharing leadership capabilities with other staff members, impact of the changes for the institution and personally, the perception of the team approach to lead change, among others. Summary of the Strengths and weakness The strengths of the research article were sustained in the fact that the motivation to work as a team develops change capabilities in participants. The study gave the tools and resources necessary to identify, implement and evaluate changes. The study was successful in developing most of the target elements to change. Participants mentioned how their unit’s mode of functioning went from working alone to teamwork style. Also, they mentioned that the TCAB project helped them develop new skills and capacities for change. This study has credibility (Mauk, 2012, p. 200). It has being confirmed through members check after researchers sharing the results with participants to make sure the finding reflected what they say during the interviews. The study limits the generalizability of the results because was only conducted in three units. Summary of the Main Points of the Paper Transforming care at the Bedside: Managers’ and Health Care Providers’ Perception of their Change Capabilities by (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014) we considered two important research questions for a qualitative study. It was reviewed the sample size and its representativeness of the population. After analyzing the data and procedures results we summarize the strengths and weakness of this study supporting our conclusion with (Mauk, 2012, p. 194). References Adams, S. (2012). Identifying research questions. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 67-87). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Hairr, D. C., Salisbury, H., Jonansson, M., Redfern-Vance, N. (2014, May/June). Nurse staffing and the relationship to job satisfaction and retention. Nursing Economic$, 32. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3[emailprotected]hid=4212 Lavoie-Tremblay, M., O’Connor, P., Lavigne, G. L., Biron, A., Ringer, J., Baillageon, S., Briand, A. (2014, Nov). Transforming care at the bedside: Managers’ and health care providers’ perceptions of their change capacities. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 45(11), 514-520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20141023-02 Mauk, K. L. (2012). Qualitative design: using words to provide evidence. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 187-215). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldaà ±a, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A method sourcebook (3rd ed.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=3CNrUbTu6CsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Qualitative+data+analysis:+A+method+sourceboockhl=ensa=Xei=NZzOVMT_L6fPsQStvIDYDAved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Qualitative data analysis: A method sourceboockf=false Peters, R. M. (2012). Quantitative design: Using numbers to provide evidence. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 165-185). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippicott Williams Wilkins. White, A. H. (2012). Using samples to provide evidence. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 247-271). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.

The Zodiac Signs and Human Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

The Zodiac Signs and Human Behavior My belief is that the nature of our behavior is based on astronomy; hence the reason that people who share the same zodiac sign have very similar characteristics, and sometimes a combination of people with certain zodiac signs cannot get along or are very compatible. Sometimes I can tell from a person’s sign because of their behavior, and likes and dislikes. Learning more about astrology and the zodiac signs helps us to understand people and their actions. Many argue that it is coincidence, but the odds are too high to be that. It was not up until 200 years ago that people started identifying their zodiac sign with the position of the Sun. So when a person is asked what is his or sign, the Sun was passing through on the day that person was born. This can be demonstrated on a birth chart. Our birth charts are special "sky maps" which reflect the quality of the exact moment we drew our first breath. With that first breath, we each began our own incredible hero's journey through life on planet Earth. The birth positions of the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto all play their own unique symbolic roles as messengers and ambassadors of the universe. The argument is that some people question why the description of the sign does not fit them. The answer is that there are three parts to the birth chart: the sun, the moon, and the ascendant. The sun (fast) travels through all 12 zodiac signs during the course of approximately a year. The moon (faster) travels through all 12 zodiac signs during the course of approximately a month, and the ascendant (fastest): travels through all 12 zodiac signs during the course of a 24 hour day. Also, a birth chart and interpretation or either a horoscope and compatibility report cannot be accurate for everyone born under a specific zodiac sign unless the astrologer has accurate information about the time of birth, date of birth and place of birth. Sometimes the time is not known and an astrologer will use 12:01 P.M. which, while not as accurate as it should be, will put one as close to the target as possible. Without this information everything one reads about one’s sign anywhere will be gen eralized information. Cancer, for example, is located in the astrological element of Water. Of the four astrological elements (Fire, Earth, Air, and... ...thers in order to make your life a more happier and worthwhile journey and a system to see if a match between you and another will offer you a greater chance at happiness based on the combination of your charts. A Compatibility report or Synastry interpretation and Chart Wheel combines your chart and a mates to form a brand new entity (personality) called relationship. The sign, the rising sign and other placements, in most cases, will be different than either your chart or your mate's chart. This shows what strengths you will be able to call upon in the relationship and what weaknesses to overcome. A Birth Chart and Interpretation or either a Horoscope and compatibility report cannot be accurate for everyone born under a specific Zodiac sign unless the Astrologer has accurate information about the time of birth, date of birth and place of birth. Place of residence is important in the casting of daily Horoscopes. Sometimes the time is not known and an Astrologer will use 12:01 P.M. which, while not as accurate as it should be, will put you as close to the target as possible. Without this information everything you read about your sign anywhere will be generalized information.

Empowerment Approach to Human Services Management Paper Essay

In organizational decision making, many individuals should be involved in order to ensure that everyone involved or touched by organizational activities in one way or another is not affected negatively by the decisions made and arrived at by decision makers. Consulting widely before making a decision enables decision makers in the organization make all-round and informed decisions, and decisions that satisfy anyone who is in any way connected to the organization (Donna, 2012). In an organization, clients are the ones who are served by the organization. The affairs of clients are affected directly by any given decision made. Client’s inclusion in decision making process would be of great significance in making them feel to be more of a part of the organizational activities. Clients would be included in the decision making process through requesting them to give their opinions by dropping them in drop boxes in the organization. The opinions given by the clients in the opinion drop boxes would be considered by the management when making decisions in various sectors of the organization. Another way that the organization would include clients in the decision making process is by regularly contacting clients through email and through phone calls and asking the clients questions on the various services offered by the organization. Client’s response would either advocate for improvement in certain areas of organizational activities or express their satisfaction for the services offered. The ideas and opinions of the clients would be incorporated after being analyzed so that greater focus can be done to adjust operations in areas that clients are displeased with (Adams, 2013). Empowering consumers is one of the vital things an organization would engage in enhancing a positive and close relationship between the organization and the clients. Pricing would play an integral role in ensuring that customers  have access to quality products and services by the organization. Prices of the different products and services of the organization should be market specific. The economic capability and disposable income of clients should be put into consideration in setting prices for the products and services offered by the organization. By matching prices with the economic capability of a people, it would be much easier to for customers to access the products and services without straining or having to compromise and going for other products of lower quality (Donna, 2012). Services to consumers of the products and services of the organization would be heightened since the kind of services offered determines whether customers are retained and it is a means of attracting new customers. Workers in the organization would be expected to treat clients with respect and serve them diligently so that they feel welcome. Workers who are directly interacting with clients would have a set code of conduct that would guide their actions. Mishandling customers inappropriately would be subject to penalties. Meeting Diverse Cultural Needs Since people and customers to be specific come from different cultural backgrounds, considering and understanding the cultural background and practices of every market niche. In ensuring that the organizational activities do not conflict with the cultures of clients and that they suit the needs of the cultures, the following would be done by the organization; In posting managers to different places where the organization operates, the organization would ensure that the managers are fully aware of the cultures of the people of the regions where they are posted. Managers are the guide and controllers of the various activities that an organization and these activities should be directed and delegated in accordance or in line with the cultures of the people of a place. This would ensure that the organization supplements and do not undermine the cultural practices of people (Adams, 2013). Advertisements could be a cause of conflict between the cultures of a people and the organization. Ce rtainly, advertisement is done in order to meet certain goals and objectives. Advertising should be done in line with the cultures of the people. Advertisements done should not undermine the culture of the people. The affairs of the people in terms of their culture are equally important since those who products are  advertisements are made to be the target market of the organization’s products and services. In enhancing equality and as a show of consideration for the socioeconomic backgrounds of customers, the organization would ensure that it prices its products in the most efficient way possible so that both the organization and the customers are not affected negatively by the pricing. The products and services of the organization should be set at a fair price. Overpricing would scare customers and this would lead to reduced sales by the organization as well as denied access to products and services due to a weak socioeconomic ability and background of customers (Adams, 2013). The organizational products and services should be in line with the spiritual beliefs and activities of the people. If a product or a service sends the wrong message to the spiritual elite of a place, then the product or service should not be sold at that particular to avoid conflicts with the people (Hodge, 2001). The products and serves of an organization should be fit for use by customers at different age brackets. The products and services of the organization would be diversified in order to ensure that they meet the requirements of people at all age groups without discrimination. This would create a wider consumer base for the products of the company and it would make it easier for customers to select products and services according to what suits them best (Hodge, 2001).   Team Building and Collaboration in the Organization Team building and promoting a collaborative spirit among employees is one of the most essential ways of enhancing increased productivity in the organizatio n. In enhancing team building, the following should be done or undertaken; Create working groups in the organization where each group has clearly stated and defined goals to achieve at the end of a working activity, ensure that the role to be played by each and every individual in the team is well defined to roles and powers to avoid overriding powers and responsibilities and ensure that meetings to assess the performance of the team are done regularly. This way, a strong and formidable team would be built and this would make it easy to manage team members and at the same time, enhance the productivity of team members and the organization as a whole (Donna, 2012). Replace the level two heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. Evaluation Evaluation is of great importance in ensuring that employees in the organization remain productive and valuable to the organization. Evaluation would be done on an annual basis to establish those employees who need to be promoted and those who need further training. Response from clients would be used and applied to enhance and improve on the operations of the company so that the needs and requirements of the customers can be met. Staff members within the agency would be consulted on various issues in the organization to ensure that decisions made are in the best of their interests and make them feel more as part of the organization. Having an agency go through quarterly evaluations to see if the organization of the agency is working well for professionals and clients. Clients are always encouraged to provide feedback on the services they receive and on the way the facility is being ran. This feedback helps us determine what to change for future evaluations. Feedback can be left by survey, internet and by person. In conclusion, helping individuals is a process that empowers society by acting on issues that they define as important, an organization strives to teach individuals skills and knowledge that will motivate them to take steps to improve their own lives. References 1. Adams, R. (2003). Social work and empowerment. Palgrave: Macmillan. 2. Cowger, C. (1994). Assessing client strengths: clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 262 – 268. 3. Donna, H. (2012). Interpersonal Social Work Skills for Community Practice. Springer Publishing Company. 4. Hodge, D. (2001). Spiritual assessment: a review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work , 203-214

Religious Ethic Essay

Discuss the view that only a religious ethic can provide an acceptable basis for medical ethics. Medical ethics concerns many areas of ethical debate. Including such controversial issues such as euthanasia, abortion and human cloning, medical ethics sparks lively debates. The issue of abortion is a very relevant and controversial issue. There are opposition and supporters from both a religious ethical background and a non-religious ethical background. Those who come from a Christian ethical background tend to have a similar argument, that of the sanctity of life. Roman Catholics oppose abortion using the Christian ethical theory of Natural Law. Abortion would be going against natural law as it interferes with God’s will. Abortion is right in no circumstances, in other words it is intrinsically evil, as it involves the murder of an innocent life. Protestants do, in principle, oppose abortion on the ground that murder is wrong, as stated in the bible; â€Å"Thou shalt not kill† (Exodus) and as abortion is in effect murder, abortion must therefore also be wrong. However, some more liberal protestants allow abortion in certain circumstances, such as before the nervous system has developed (before the foetus can â€Å"feel†) if the mother’s life or health is threatened or if the pregnancy is from an exceptional situation, such as the result of rape. There seems to be no reason however, as to why these two standpoints could not be from a non-religious ethic. The appreciation of life is not something that is exclusive to religion, and therefore the view that abortion is murder could stand with anyone who believes that the foetus is a person, and this need not be a religious standpoint. Equally the Liberal protestant view could again apply to anyone who believes that murder is wrong, yet as circumstances differ, the things to be considered also differ. This is a relativist situationist standpoint but again does not have to be religious. In fact many non-religious people do tend to be situationists as they judge decisions on their consequences and not on the action itself, as no action is considered intrinsically wrong, as it is not deemed by any higher being or book, as it is in religion. These arguments also apply in relation to euthanasia. Roman Catholics view murder as wrong and as euthanasia is essentially murder, it must also be wrong. It would also be considered as going against Natural Law as it interferes with God’s will, just as abortion does. Protestants would claim that the bible condemns euthanasia as it is murder, yet come more liberal Protestants again claim that all factors should be considered in order to make a decision relative to that person’s individual situation. Many people would argue however that without a religious ethic there are no clear rules and boundaries. Deontological ethical theories, that are absolutist theories that apply in all situations, provide these boundaries as the answer will always be the same. Yet not all religious ethical theories are deontological, such as Fletcher’s Situation ethics, which is teleological. This means that religious ethics do not always provide a clear cut answer, just as non-religious ethics may not. Many religious fundamentalists would argue that atheists, for example, cannot have a similar appreciation of life as they do. Atheists do not believe in God, and some would argue that as they do not believe in anything, they cannot have the same appreciation of life. Yet it appears that without a belief in anything religious, life becomes even more precious. Without the promise of an afterlife, which is provided by Christianity, this current life becomes even more precious and amazing. As you only get one shot at life from an atheist perspective, the feeling to preserve it as much as possible, along with do the same for others would seem to be even stronger. Without the excuse that the person/foetus will go to Heaven, murder seems to be even more wrong, as it would take away the one life that that person has been offered. In conclusion I think that a religious ethic is by no means the only acceptable basis for medical ethics. Although some Christian ethics will provide a stable answer for every situation, an answer that will never change and therefore will have clear-cut boundaries, not every person in the world will ever be of the same religion, and therefore it cannot be universal. Therefore a non-religious ethic which everyone could agree on seems more acceptable, such as one that allows situations to be considered, because therefore a religious ethic could be used in certain circumstances if the people involved would like to do so, as that happens to be their own â€Å"situation†; similarly if someone does not want to apply a religious ethical theory then they are not obliged to do so, because again this option would apply to their situation. Therefore situationist ethics that are not based on religion can be made universal, allowing religious ethics to be applied or not according to the wishes of the people involved and this seems to me to be the only acceptable basis for medical ethics, an ethic that will allow for everyone’s personal beliefs.

Free Essays on Half Way There

Halfway There People. Droves of them, hustling off to their appointed gates with seventeen suitcases strapped to themselves like pack mules. All scowling, furrowing their brows. Hoping to get to where they want to go, and with all seventeen suitcases they came with. Me? I only had two bags, but one of them was large enough to be a body bag. Beside me was my cousin, a tall 16-year old, the jock type, with broad shoulders and pimple covered cheeks. He, of course, got stuck carrying my oversized bag. As we made our way past the ticket counter the automatic doors whooshed open, nearly sweeping us away in a blast of icy air. It was close to December in New York, which means one thing: cold. The kind of cold that hurt the skin, just breathing made people cough. As we zigged and zagged our way through the seething maze of bodies, we kept looking down at the flight information in my hands. â€Å"Gate B-17, I’m sure of it† I said, none too convincingly apparently, for he kept reading aloud the gates and their destinations. We reached a fairly quiet section of the airport, and all the sounds became subdued. It had the feel of a library to it: old, peaceful, and undisturbed. â€Å"Is that our gate?† I asked. He looked up at the monitor and said, â€Å"Flight 182 to Pittsburgh, I think that’s us.† We stepped up to the woman behind the counter and handed her our tickets. She looked up at us, crows’ feet at the edges of her eyes, soft blond hair, and slightly delicate hands, a very attractive middle-aged woman. She had a soft voice, meek and unassuming. â€Å"Right this way please,† she said. We followed her down the steep incline to the plane. The closer we got the louder the noise became, threatening to deafen us. I could see the pilots huddled over the glowing panels in the cockpit, pressing a button here, turning a knob there, and making me feel secur... Free Essays on Half Way There Free Essays on Half Way There Halfway There People. Droves of them, hustling off to their appointed gates with seventeen suitcases strapped to themselves like pack mules. All scowling, furrowing their brows. Hoping to get to where they want to go, and with all seventeen suitcases they came with. Me? I only had two bags, but one of them was large enough to be a body bag. Beside me was my cousin, a tall 16-year old, the jock type, with broad shoulders and pimple covered cheeks. He, of course, got stuck carrying my oversized bag. As we made our way past the ticket counter the automatic doors whooshed open, nearly sweeping us away in a blast of icy air. It was close to December in New York, which means one thing: cold. The kind of cold that hurt the skin, just breathing made people cough. As we zigged and zagged our way through the seething maze of bodies, we kept looking down at the flight information in my hands. â€Å"Gate B-17, I’m sure of it† I said, none too convincingly apparently, for he kept reading aloud the gates and their destinations. We reached a fairly quiet section of the airport, and all the sounds became subdued. It had the feel of a library to it: old, peaceful, and undisturbed. â€Å"Is that our gate?† I asked. He looked up at the monitor and said, â€Å"Flight 182 to Pittsburgh, I think that’s us.† We stepped up to the woman behind the counter and handed her our tickets. She looked up at us, crows’ feet at the edges of her eyes, soft blond hair, and slightly delicate hands, a very attractive middle-aged woman. She had a soft voice, meek and unassuming. â€Å"Right this way please,† she said. We followed her down the steep incline to the plane. The closer we got the louder the noise became, threatening to deafen us. I could see the pilots huddled over the glowing panels in the cockpit, pressing a button here, turning a knob there, and making me feel secur...

Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monetary Policy - Essay Example The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is group within the Fed that meets several times a year to adjust the interest rates. Lower interest rates will increase demand for products and can stimulate the economy. For example, a decrease in interest rates lowers the cost of borrowing which leads to an increase in investment spending. It also leads families to buy automobiles, houses, and durable goods (Federal Reserve Board). Lowering interest rates is an approach taken when the economy goes into a period of recession. Lower rates may induce banks to lend to businesses and households. This will increase spending and stimulate productive output .It should be noted that the change in interest rates has only a short term effect of returning inflation or employment to its long term objectives (Federal Reserve Board). By setting interest rates, the FOMC is able to indirectly control the money supply. Lower interest rates alter the total of amount of loans, bonds and shares issued. According to the quantity theory of money, as the money supply increases the inflation rate rises ("The Quantity Theory of Money"). Setting the interest rate becomes a task of stimulating economic output while keeping inflation under control. The effects of interest rate changes may take from three months to two tears to show an effect. Chart 1 in

Comparison of Music Genres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Comparison of Music Genres - Essay Example There are a number of disparities between jazz music and classical music. However, there are also some similarities that exist in the two music genres. One common aspect of jazz and classical music is the use of musical beat and regular rhythm. In jazz, music drums play a constant a rhythmic groove which is usually 4/4 and stresses on the backbeat of 2 and 4. In classical music, there is also a steady rhythm which highlights the musical motions. The rhythm emphasizes the downbeat of one rhythmic count (Livingston). Another similarity that exists between the two music genre is the instrumentation. Jazz and classical music at times use common instruments. For instance, classical used saxophone from the 19th century and has modernized to a symphony orchestra. The saxophone is an implement that is mostly used in jazz music by the most famous jazz artists such as Sidney Bechet. Another significant similarity is the improvisation. Improvisation is one of the ways in which classical and jazz music has remained discrete in their respective approaches and attitudes. Improvisation is an essential part of jazz, in cases of small additions and variations to a melody or the entire improvised free solo. Similarly, in classic, there is some use of improvisation or aleatoric elements (Livingston). The differences between jazz and classical music are seen in the choice of the instrument, how the music is played and the style of the music. As much improvisation is in jazz and classical music, it also helps in distinguishing the two types of music.  Ã‚